Dante s Journey Of Salvation - 1648 Words

As Dante makes his ascent through hell and purgatory, he is guided by two figures. The first is Virgil, who saves him from peril and accompanies him, as a friend, through the layers of both afterlifes. The second is Beatrice, who inspired Dante’s journey of salvation in the first place, and who he longs to be reunited with. Yet although these guides are leading him towards God, Dante mistakes their guiding as the end itself. He makes a God of Beatrice, sees her as the ultimate good towards which one strives, and makes a Jesus of Virgil, the man through whom this ultimate good is reached. In this way, Dante creates his own trinity, much to the detriment of his ascent to the True God. His first mistake, through which the others stem, is equating Beatrice to God. While she was alive, her beautiful eyes and lovely limbs were the only things keeping him on the holy path. This is clear when he confesses â€Å"Things set in front of me, / with their false delights, turned back my steps / the moment that Your countenance was hidden† (Purgatorio.31.34-36). He could have avoided traveling through the afterlifes had he not overvalued her in the first place. In fact, even when he is promised redemption through his journey, it takes Virgil mentioning Beatrice as the end goal of his journey to persuade Dante to begin the undertaking (Inferno.2.57-126). Dante still sees Beatrice, rather than God, as the end towards which he strives. For her sake alone he goes down into the deepest pits ofShow MoreRelatedDante s View On The Existence Of Hell, Purgatory And Paradise1328 Words   |  6 PagesWho is Dante? He was a man that had a desire to find the truths of heaven and ear th even from a very young age; his goal was to understand the three worlds in his mind of hell, purgatory and paradise so that he could find the true everlasting happiness. In Dante’s age there was not really a separation between church and state. â€Å"Dante s philosophical view was also a political view. In Dante s time, there were two major political factions, the Guelphs and the Ghibellines. Originally, the GhibellinesRead MoreDante And The Nature Of Sin967 Words   |  4 Pages Dante and the Nature of Sin Often, we cannot see the good until we have experienced the bad. Dante Alighieri, a poet who makes himself the main character in his Divine Comedy, finds himself lost in a dark wood at the start of The Inferno. Though he sees a safe path out of the wood towards an alluring light, he is forced to take an alternate route through an even darker place. As the ending of the pilgrim Dante’s voyage is bright and hopeful, Alighieri the poet aims to encourage even the most sinfulRead MoreThe Role Of Identity In Dantes Inferno1186 Words   |  5 Pagesnarrative epic poem, The Inferno, by Dante Alighieri takes the reader with Dante on his journey through Hell and rediscovery of his identity. Dante’s journey commenced as a result to him falling into temptations whilst falling away from God. This led him to travel through the Dark Wood of Error which symbolizes the worldliness that occurs when one strays from the True Way, or God’s Way. The spirit of the poet Virgil, symboli zing Human Reason, appears and leads Dante away from the Dark Wood of Error andRead MoreAnalysis Of Dante s Divine Comedy 1362 Words   |  6 Pagesspiritual afterlife poem series. For example, he shows that any journey is full of trial and error, various beliefs, and hidden lessons. The divine comedy consists of three parts; ‘The Inferno’, ‘Purgatorio’, and ‘Paradisio’. The inferno is all different levels of hell and all of the seven deadly sins. Dante meets his guide virgil here who is with him throughout the entire Divine Comedy. Virgil is the one who takes him on the journey through hell. The circles of hell starting with circle one areRead MoreLewis And The Silent Planet1326 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Influence of Dante in Out of the Silent Planet All throughout Lewis novels there is evidence that clearly connects the themes and symbolism from other aspects of traditional Christian literature both during and before he began writing. One of the most distinct examples of this occurring within Lewis’ works is the influence that Dante had on the concepts that he reflects on while conveying thoughts to his readers. This is specifically more notable a connection between Dante and Lewis when youRead MoreThe Power Of Everyman s Journey Through Hell1249 Words   |  5 PagesThe Power of Everyman’s Journey Through Hell In religious contexts, sin is the act of violating God s will. Sin can also be viewed as â€Å"anything that violates the ideal relationship between an individual and God, leading to a period of estrangement between the two†. This is not necessarily a permanent separation, but if one dies without correcting such problem, then the separation does become permanent. In order to atone for one’s transgressions, salvation –deliverance by redemption from the powerRead MoreHow Dante Achieves a Synthesis Between Narrative and Cultural Elements in His Writing1565 Words   |  6 Pageshow if at all Dante achieve a synthesis between narrative and cultural elements derived from paganism and his intentions as a Christian author writing for a Christian audience. Medieval literature in general attempted to do this and Dante was no different with regard to this in his copying of Virgil and the Aeneid in their depictions of hell in pagan mythology. Analysis There are a host of specific examples from pagan mythology in the Inferno. For instance, in Canto 15, we see Dante leaving theRead MoreDantes Inferno.1698 Words   |  7 Pagesin a never-ending wind storm. Welcome to Dante s Inferno, his perspective on the appropriate punishments for those who are destined to hell for all eternity. Dante attempts to make the punishments fit the crimes, but because it is Dante dealing out the tortures and not God, the punishments will never be perfect because by nature, man is an imperfect creature. Only God is capable of being above reproach and of metering out a just punishment. While Dante s treatment towards the tyrants is fittingRead MoreThe Great Divorce and The Divine Comedy3095 Words   |  13 Pagesgames. Yet, one of the most prominent works the Divine Comedy has impacted is C.S. Lewis’s The Great Divorce. Lewis’s book is greatly indebted to Dante’s work, as both try to teach the reader how to achieve salvation. Furthe rmore, Lewis and Dante’s protagonists discover the path to salvation through choices, and learning what causes one’s refusal of God. Both authors explore the path to righteousness and enquire about life’s most difficult questions. Therefore, the dialogue between Dante’s DivineRead MoreVirgil Analysis of Dante Inferno Essay example2202 Words   |  9 Pagespublication to the present day. Virgil- Beatrice sends Virgil to Earth to retrieve Dante and act as his guide through Hell and Purgatory.   Since the poet Virgil lived before Christianity, he dwells in Limbo (Ante-Inferno) with other righteous non-Christians.   As author, Dante chooses the character Virgil to act as his guide because he admired Virgils work above all other poets and because Virgil had written of a similar journey through the underworld.   Thus, Virgils character knows the way through Hell

Key Resources That Affect Creativity Are Time And Money

†¢ Resources - The two main resources that affect creativity are time and money. When it comes to a project, we must determine the funding, people and other resources that a team legitimately needs to complete the task. †¢ Work-group Features–Group must work for common objectives of their group. There must be mutual understanding between group members. There must be predefined rules and regulations for every group member. There should be effective communication among every group member.(Wride, 2012) †¢ Supervisory Encouragement - Most managers and supervisors can encourage creativity by offering due recognition and credit to their team members. Managers can also support creativity by serving as a role model, persevering through tough†¦show more content†¦References- 1] T. Bateman and J.M. Cram, The Proactive Component of Organizational Behavior: A Measure And Correlates, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14 (1993): 103-118. 2] T. Bateman and H. O Neill, The Goals of the Top Manager: A General Taxonomy and Customized Hierarchies, Working manuscript, University of North Carolina, 1999. 3] White Paper: Innovation in the workplace a multi-level approach drawn from academic research PenniWolfgramm19th September 2011. 4] Riesman, F. K., Hartz, T. A. (2010).Crafting a Culture of Creativity and Innovation the Talent Management Handbook: Creating a Sustainable Competitive Advantage by Selecting, Developing, and Promoting the Best People. 5]Christensen, C., Dyer, J., Gregerson, H. (2011). The Innovator’s DNA: Mastering the five skills of disruptive innovators. Boston: Mass, Harvard Business Press. 6] Zenith International Journal of Business Economics Management Research.2012.vol.6 7]T.M. Amabile, Motivational Synergy: Toward New Conceptualizations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in the Workplace, Human Resource Management Review. 3(1993): 185-201. 8] Amabile, T. M. (1998).How to kill creativity (pp. 77-87).Harvard Business School Publishing 9] Harnessing Creativity and Innovation in the Workplace by Olivier Serrat.2009.vol.69. 10] Special Edition on Innovation in Organizations November 2012,Show MoreRelatedFormal Structure Interface With Internal And External Business Environment904 Words   |  4 Pagesorganizational culture in overcoming challenges and Resistance to change An article â€Å"How to Kill Creativity† published in the Harvard Business Review (1998), Therese Amabile identified a few proven strategies for organizations to help promote creativity and address systemic factors that are known to stifle the drive to be creative. [11] [15] Of all the things that managers can do to stimulate creativity is to match people with jobs that challenge people to utilize their expertise and their skillsRead MoreFormal Structure Interface With Internal And External Business Environment992 Words   |  4 Pagesorganizational culture in overcoming challenges and Resistance to change An article â€Å"How to Kill Creativity† published in the Harvard Business Review (1998), Therese Amabile identified a few proven strategies for organizations to help promote creativity and address systemic factors that are known to stifle the drive to be creative. [11] [15] Of all the things that managers can do to stimulate creativity is to match people with jobs that challenge people to utilize their expertise and their skillsRead MoreThe Importance Of Art Funding For Education Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pageshaving art classes in schools available for students is important, it is also equally as important for the school funding for the art programs to be regulated throughout each district. By using a simple student to teacher ratio to determine how much money should be allotted to each teacher, this reoccurring problem could be solved for good. One of the main problems in the art program throughout the United States is the regulation of funding within the program. For example, while one teacher has oneRead MoreThe Making Of A Leader1423 Words   |  6 Pageson a few dynamic individuals that have perfected the ability to lead and guide the company through difficult times to brighter horizons. Creativity can no longer be assigned to design, research, and marketing departments with a few talented individuals. If an organization is going to compete in a world of instant gratification and actually watching history unfold, innovation and creativity must become part of each department and recognized in each individual working within the confines of the establishmentRead MoreCreating Team Based Organizations1237 Words   |  5 Pages(2002). Some of the more noteworthy include: • Assuming teams are for everyone • Lack of planning to implement changes • Lack of customization to fit current organizational culture • Relying entirely on outside consultant • Underestimate money and time needed • Expect immediate results • No long term direction to managers and they fear loss of power • Lack of training managers in new role The common misconception and the general theme of the above blunders is that throwing a team togetherRead MoreThe Professional Field Of Human Resources1135 Words   |  5 PagesCDEV1020: Career Prep Labour Market Assignment Natalie Cluthe 7002371 Due: November 26th 2014 Rob Straby Professional Area of Focus: In this assignment the professional field of Human Resources will be focused on with an emphasis on the specifics of recruiting and selecting. Human Resources at its core, is a focus on the people within an organization. Largely associated with hiring, safety, wellness and training along with benefits and employee motivation, HR representatives are an absoluteRead More Designers, unlike artists, can’t follow their creative impulses, they1533 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluenced by the demands of the industry in which they work, which has both positive and negative influences on the creative process. This essay looks at some of the key parameters that the fashion designer must work within, and the effect that these factors have on the creative process and the finished product. One key factor that affects the work of a designer is an element over which the individual had a certain degree of control: The company that they choose to work for. There is a vast spectrumRead MoreEffects Of Sunset Laws On Public Administration Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagespetition, is a requisite and proper duty of government† (p. 62). 2. Identify the key features of IGR in contemporary American politics and discuss their significance. What major themes may be said to exist in contemporary IGR? Intergovernmental relations (IGR) consists of â€Å"all the activities and interactions occurring between or among governmental units of all types and levels within the U.S. federal system† (p. 100). The key factors of IGR and their significance are as follows: a.) IGR’s consequencesRead MoreW. L. Gore Associates, Is An Organization That Manufactures976 Words   |  4 Pagesof creativity that employs, leaders and associates who have no specified job titles. Wilbert Gore was a research chemist for 17 years at the DuPont company. The Gore work sites company s core values: Fairness to each other and everyone they come into contact. The freedom to encourage employees to grow in knowledge, skill, responsibility for their work, and the ability to make their own commitment. The employees are taught to consult with each other before taking actions that could affect theRead MoreRationality of Organizations and Management Theories Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagestraditional model, human relations model and human resources model. Finally the essay will end with a conclusion. What is Organization? Clear explanation of organization can be found in ‘Organization Strategy, Structure and Process’ (1978). An organization is both an aim, and a process to achieve the aim. For most organizations, whatever what aims do they have, adapting themselves to the change of environment is the dynamic process and the key of survival and expansion. To overcome the three main

Economic Impact of Sports Tourism in Australia

Question: Describe about the Economic Impact of Sports Tourism in Australia. Answer: Introduction Sports tourism refers to the movement of tourists from one region to another region for the purpose of viewing a sporting event. There has been a significant increase in the number of tourist in the last decade for sports tourism. During such events the tourists contribute to the growth of the local economy, which would not be there under normal circumstances. In addition there is development of infrastructure and also generation of employment. It has also been found that during sports mega event there is an increase in the sales of TV and tablets (Thorne 2016). In addition, it has been found that a sports event gives a feel good effect. It has been that local residents spend more due to the feel good effect, thus contributing to the economy. In a study commissioned by the European commission (2012), it has been found that sports tourism contributes to the increase in Tourism, Education and Fitness and media. Sports tourism contributes significantly to the growth of the hospitality industry in certain countries in the European Union. In some of the North-Western European countries the supply of fitness goods economically benefits certain organizations. In addition sports education contributes to the economy of most of the countries of Europe. In the present assignment we review the previous studies done on the impact of sports tourism on economy of the local region. Thereafter we develop some questions and develop some hypothesis for the present research proposal. We also develop a methodology to study the hypothesis. Finally we give a brief outline regarding the expected research outcome and provide a conclusion. Literature review In Australia the tourism industry is a growing industry (Chen and Bailey 2014). It had a growth of $103 billion in 2013 to $105 billion in 2014. The tourism sector is expected to grow to approximately $119 billion by 2022. Sport tourism forms a significant part of this tourism industry. Australia with New Zealand co-hosted the ICC championships in 2015. The attendance on the final day was more than 90,013 people. The cricket world cup (2015) saw significant foreign investments and thereby lowered the requirement of initial capital investment and thereby the overall burden of capital procurement was significantly diminished (PwC CWC 2015). The sports extravaganza had 595,000 visitors with 145,000 international visitors. The sporting event saw the GDP of Australia grow by AUS$460 million. Many infrastructure developments took place as a result of the tournament. The tournament also opened the avenues for future developments. A study undertaken by Ernst Young on behalf of Confederation of Australian Motor Sports (CAMS) found that in 2013 the Australian motor sport industry generated $2.7 billion in direct industry investments (Ernst and Young CAMS 2013). Besides this the sporting body also created 16,000 jobs. According to the report $12 15,000 are spend per year by the participants for sports related activities. They spend upto$60,000 per year for purchase of vehicle related products. CAMS contributes significantly to the regional economy through the use of sports tracks, travel behaviour of participants and also the distribution of participants. A study commissioned by the European commission (2012), investigated the impact of different aspects of sports (tourism, education, goods) towards the growth of the economy. The study found that factors of sports tourism are benefited the most. It also found that the factors important for the sports hotels, air transport, fitness goods have a substantial amount of economic growth. The study found that sports tourism enables the growth of both the economy as well as the employment. It was also found that Winter sports tourism to certain countries contributes to both employment and hospitality sector. According to a study by La Trobe University (aflvic.com.au 2014) Community football clubs contribute significantly towards the growth of the economy. For every $1 investment in Community football clubs there is a return on investment to the tune of $4.4 in social value. The report found that the local football clubs contribute to local business and hospitality industry. According to the Street Ryan Economic contribution report a local football club on an average contributes $630,000 towards the growth of the economy. Sports tourism is all about the experiences of the people (Shipway et al. 2016). An understanding of sports tourism reflects on the places visited and the activities undertaken by the sports tourists. The study suggested that for the growth of sports tourism, the tourist should be provided with good vivid experiences. The study also noted that much needs to be done in the field of cycling sports to make it a successful sports tourism event. In a report about the AFC world cup of 2015, tourism Australia estimated that there would be 30,000 overseas fans (tourism.australia.com 2015). The fans would not only be visiting the five locations where the matches would be played but also other venues of interest. This according to PricewaterhouseCoopers will contribute to the GDP to the tune of A$23 million. A sports mega event attracts a huge number of tourists and also growth in infrastructure (Li and Jago 2013). Tourists at a sports event contribute to the economic growth of the local economy. These economic benefits can be from the sale of tickets and in the hospitality sector. Also the tourists visiting other locations near the sporting event contributes to the growth of the economy. In addition, during a sports mega event employment is generated. The employment generation can be in the form of infrastructure development and officials and other staff required for the event. Sports have contributed to the economy of South Africa (Marumo, Lubbe and Pelser 2015). The world tourism organization in 2001 estimated that sports tourism contributes to 4-6% of the GDP to the country. Sports tourisms contribute to the employment, hospitality and growth of infrastructure of the region. Tourism infrastructures like event sites, transportation facilities, tourist attraction sites and airports see a modernization of their facilities. Research Questions and Hypothesis The aim of the research is to access the impacts of sports tourism in Australia. To attain the aim of the study, the researcher needs to follow the objectives of the research: To evaluate the economic contribution of the sports tourism facilitated by the government of Australia To assess the infrastructural growth prospects of sports tourism of Australia To investigate the hotel occupancy rate during the sports event incurred in the recent times Research question The questions of the research are the present business research proposal are: Does sports tourism contribute to the economic growth of the local region? Is there infrastructure growth during a sports event? Is there increase in hotel occupancy during sports event? Hypotheses Based on the above research questions the hypothesis for the present research is Sports tourism has no significant impact on local economy Sports tourism does not contribute to the infrastructure of the city Sports tourism has no contribution to the hospitality sector Operational Definitions The average spending per visitor is defined as the amount of money that each visitor spends at a foreign location. The multiplier and capture rates are defined as the net amount of money that goes towards the economy of the local region. Research methodology: Analysis of the data collection method: The research must be systematic in nature to attain the aim of the research. The primary research will be conducted for accumulating the quantitative data from the sample respondents. In this research, the survey will be conducted to know more about the perceptions regarding the sports tourism in Australia. Sampling Techniques The number of spectators at the sports events is the main respondents of the research. 50 respondents will be chosen to participate in the survey process. However it is important to follow the random sample technique while choosing the respondents for conducting the survey process. In this context, it is quite justifiable to choose the random sample technique for collecting the universal views of the respondents regarding the sports tourism. No significant categories of spectators view of a particular sport can be collected because the broader perspective of views needs to be analysed regarding the research topic. Method of Analysis The collected primary data will be analysed through quantitative research design method. Freeman (2015) gives a brief explanation of the method to evaluate the economic impact of sports tourism during a sports event. To evaluate the impact the primary task is to find the number of spectators at the meet, and from this number find the number of non local tourists. Then the next step would be research the average spending by the tourist (Gibson, Kaplanidou and Kang 2012). Next we calculate the number of days the sports meet would continue. The next step would be to find the cost of living in the location. Thus the average daily spending by the touring party can be found. With some research we could find the total spending by the tourists. Thus we can find the economic impact of a sport event. Gantt chart Week 1 Week 6 Week 10 Week 13 Week 14 Introduction Literature review Data collection Data analysis Conclusion Figure 1: Gantt chart of the research Research Process For the purpose of the present research the data regarding the number of tourists during a sports event would be collected. The data would be collected both from the hospitality industry as well as spectators at the sporting venue. The data on the number of tourists would be used to calculate the expenses during the sports meet. This would then be used to evaluate the impact on the economy. Expected outcome of the research Previous audits conducted by Price Waterhouse Coopers, Ernest and Young on Australias mega sports events have shown that sports events always contributes to a growth in tourism of the country. The audits have also shown that factors like employment increase, growth in infrastructure, feel good effect have contributed to the growth in the economy. Previous studies have shown that such sports meet also brings in money by way of contributions from sporting bodies. All this contributes significantly to the growth of economy and GDP of the country. The present research will show how the economy of the region is benefited with the help of sports tourism. Conclusion Thus it can be concluded that sports and tourism are related with each other. In addition we also find that tourism during sports events contributes positively to the growth of the economy. The present research will analyse to some extent the effect of sports tourism on the economy, employment gains to the local economy. The present would also analyse other factors which have positively contributed to the growth of the economy. The research would also provide whether sports tourism has any negative impact on the economy. References aflvic.com.au (2014) Value of Community Football Club, La TRobe Univesity, Victoria Chen, G. and Bailey, G. (2014). Tourism Forecasts - Autumn 2014, Tourism Research Australia, Canberra. Ernst and Young CAMS. (2013). Economic Contribution of the Australian Motor Sports industry, Ernst and Young, Australia Freeman, K.M., 2015. Inexpensively estimating the economic impact of sports tourism programs in small American cities. Indiana Business Review, 90(1), p.1. Gibson, H.J., Kaplanidou, K. and Kang, S.J., 2012. Small-scale event sport tourism: A case study in sustainable tourism. Sport Management Review, 15(2), pp.160-170. Li, S. and Jago, L., 2013. Evaluating economic impacts of major sports eventsa meta analysis of the key trends. Current Issues in Tourism, 16(6), pp.591-611. Marumo, M., Lubbe, S. and Pelser, T. (2015). Sport tourism as a developmental initiative in the economy of Mafikeng. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(2). PwC CWC. (2015). Economic impact and benefits analysis of the ICC World Cup 2015, Pricewaterhouse Coopers, Australia Shipway, R., King, K., Lee, I. and Brown, G. (2016). Understanding cycle tourism experiences at the Tour Down Under. Journal of Sport Tourism, 20(1), pp.21-39. SportEcon, 2012. Study on the contribution of sport to economic growth and employment in the EU: final report. Thorne, R. (2016). Economic impact of sporting events. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/student/shu/economic-impact-of-sporting-events-10260570.html [Accessed 1 Dec. 2016]. tourism.australia.com. (2015). AFC Asian Cup to give Australian tourism a free kick. Retrieved from https://www.tourism.australia.com/news/Media-Releases-2015-afc-asian-cup.aspx

Technological society Essay Example

Technological society Essay Critically assess the contention that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation inevitably leads to deskilling. Although the deskilling debate only started in 1974, when Harry Bravermans thesis, Labour and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century was published, the causes for the argument had begun many years earlier, in the 1890s with the introduction of F. W Taylors ideas for reorganising work. Braverman (1920-1976) was a sheet metal worker, and a member of the American Communist party. It was his background in skilled trades that allowed him to analyse the changes that were taking place. As it was Braverman that first came up with the theory of deskilling, it is his definition that should be considered. His definition says that: skill represents the central asset possessed by workers, and that modern capitalist systems of work design, like Taylorism, degrade or deskill work, as a means of controlling and cheapening it. (Braverman, 1974). This Marxist analysis was a direct challenge to the long accepted views and implemented methods of Taylor. Braverman also argued that new technologies play a vital role in deskilling, and by working on new technologies workers build for themselves more modern, more scientific, more dehumanised prisons of labour. Taylor was an American engineer, who developed the idea of Scientific Management over 100 years ago. His principles of organising and controlling work recommended to managers that complex tasks needed to be split up into the maximum number of subtasks possible (Fincham Rhodes, 2005). There were other recommendations given by Taylor, namely the divorce of conception from execution. We will write a custom essay sample on Technological society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technological society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technological society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This told managers that All possible brainwork should be removed from the shop and centred in the planning or laying out department (Braverman 1974:113) It was this that Braverman heavily criticised, and so it must be looked at how the introduction of new technologies could cause this to happen. One of the best known and earliest examples of Taylorism in practice in the workplace is at General Motors plants at the start of the last century. By using Taylors methods, and introducing the assembly line, output increased from 8,700 in 1906 to 34,000 in 1911, 300,000 in 1914, rising to 1.9 million in 1923. (Tolliday Zeitlin, 1992) These massive increases in production came without the use of skilled labour, by 1914, over half the workforce were Southern and Eastern European immigrants, many of whom had no relevant experience, and spoke little or no English (Meyer, 1981). It would therefore seem like the introduction of new technology that caused the giant increases in output did not affect all workers in terms of deskilling, the majority of workers would probably have become more skilled due to their employment. However, labour turnover was at 370% and 71% of these workers left within their first week. These workers were probably most likely to be the unskilled immigrant workers that did not have the reliance on their wages that American workers had for their families. Therefore perhaps deskilling was less prominent than it would first seem due to the introduction of new technology and the assembly line. However, we must also consider why labour turnover was so high at Fords production plants in the early 1910s. Assembly line work is notoriously boring, partly due to the removal of creativity and craft from the workers, which much have been demoralising as these workers had initially been employed for having these qualities. Therefore, the high labour turnover experienced may have been due to workers leaving due to the deskilling that was evidently in existence, and them moving to other production industries that had not yet implemented new technologies. There are also recent examples of the introduction of new technologies into an organisation causing deskilling. In the field of law, in the past lawyers were expected to have a broad knowledge of the law, but today this is not possible due to the volume of legal material that is produced (Webb, 1996). Today, IT takes a much bigger role in a lawyers position, due to the changes in legal practice that have happened due to the technology that was not in existence 10 years ago. Due to the increase in IT, jobs that once required highly skilled employees can now be carried out by less qualified workers (Onwusah, 1997). So again we can see that deskilling has been caused due to the introduction of new technologies. It is important to consider the choice of new technology that is brought into an organisation to see whether it will lead to deskilling. As has been seen in the previous examples, the introduction of the assembly line in motor vehicle manufacturing and the introduction of IT into the practice of law and other professional industries, new technology has caused and created deskilling. However, in some circumstances deskilling would not be caused, but reskilling would occur. In order for new technology to be implemented in an organisation, employees need to have the skills in order to use the equipment. Through training, workers can learn new skills, which are more relevant in todays technological world. A clear example of reskilling can be seen in the field of design. In the past the drawing of plans was very time consuming and required great precision, if points were just 1mm wrong then the whole plan would have to be started again. Now, due to the introduction of Computer Aided Design (CAD) these workers have not only become reskilled, they can use their existing skills in addition to learning new techniques. Employees in this field still need their precision skills, for example when using graphics tablets, but will also gain skills in using the relevant software. This evidence would tend to suggest that the contention that the introduction of new technology into organisations leads to deskilling was incorrect, and that it would depend on what type of technology was introduced. If technology completely takes over a persons role in a company, or takes away the employees need to have particular skills then deskilling is likely to happen, on the other hand if the introduction of new technology can work alongside employees in order to assist and aid them in their work then reskilling is more likely to occur. The type of organisation that the new technology is to be brought into is also an important factor in deciding whether deskilling will be caused. As we have already seen, in the production of motor vehicles deskilling is caused by new technologies. This can also be seen in other secondary sector organisations, for example the textile industry. In the past everything would be sewn by hand, requiring much skill, whereas from the middle of the 19th century technology was introduced, reducing the need for skilled workers, and deskilling those already in the industry. However, if we look at tertiary sector organisations reskilling is probably more likely. In the medical profession, workers at all levels in an organisation are likely to have gained more skills due to the introduction of new technologies than becoming deskilled. At the lowest level, for example a receptionist in a GP surgery, records are now stored electronically as well as on paper, increasing the complexity of their work. Looking at a higher level, a GP still has to go through years of training to become fully qualified, and now also has to be computer literate, for example in order to produce prescriptions and use diagnostic software. In addition to this, developments in the technologies available to surgeons have meant that much more skilled operations can be carried out, which in turn has increased the skill requirements required to perform operations. On the other hand, if we look at another service occupation, the field of banking, obvious deskilling has taken place. A bank clerk was once a highly regarded profession, requiring years of training. However, today the banks have reduced their qualification requirements for recruits. This is due to the computer age, as all transactions can now be carried out electronically, removing the skills that were once required. It cannot therefore be said that the introduction of new technology will always lead to deskilling in an organisation, each individual situation would need to be looked at separately in order to decide upon this. As it has so far been difficult to quantify whether new technologies will lead to deskilling or not, it is helpful to look at and consider any research that has been carried out on this subject. Data from the Swedish Level of Living surveys that were carried out between 1968 and 1991 by a group at the Swedish Institute for Social Research is probably one of the most important tools available when looking at deskilling due to the introduction of new technology. The surveys had a sample size of around 3,000 people, who were in employment and of working age. The differences between classes of jobs is shown to be important when looking at whether deskilling takes place. This can be seen from the diagrams on the next page, produced using results from the survey. Diagrams from (Jonsson, 1998:614). As we can see from these charts, there is a mixture of deskilling and upskilling, which can be related to the social class of work. For both sets of data, the two social classes that have obviously been upskilled are W4, which is lower grade white collar workers, including typists and B2, which is unskilled manual workers, including assemblers and cleaners. This is also supported by other works, for example The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, which claims that blue collar work has been upgraded through automation and technical development (Bell, 1973). On the other hand if we take the class of W1, which is the upper service class, including engineers, employees opinions are that this field has been deskilled due to the introduction of new technology, supporting the contention. However, data is only available up to 1991, and if a survey were to be carried out today then I would expect due to the massive increase in information technology over the past 15 years that peoples opinions would have changed to that of upskilling. Bravermans thesis on deskilling suggested that due to the degradation of work from the introduction of new technology, employees became bored in their role. However, the Swedish research seems to oppose this, as can be seen from the table below: (Jonsson, 1998:613) Over the time period, for both men and women, the percentage of monotonous content in jobs has decreased, suggesting again that there has been a general upskilling of jobs, contesting Bravermans views. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that this is a general trend, and that some lower level white collar workers may experience deskilling, due to the impact that the introduction of new technologies has on their roles. Finally the idea that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation will inevitably lead to deskilling must be considered. Few things can ever be certain to happen, and from the evidence that we have seen, deskilling is probably unlikely to occur in todays ever expanding technological society. In conclusion, it would seem that the contention that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation inevitably leads to deskilling is incorrect, and each individual situation needs to be looked at in order to see if the contention can be proved, however it would appear as the world gains a greater reliance on technology, skills are not being decreased, but the type of skills required is changing.

Freedom And The Constitution Essays - Human Rights,

Freedom and the Constitution The First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects the right to freedom of religion and freedom of expression from government interference. Freedom of expression is made up of the explicit rights of freedom of speech, press, assembly and to petition the government for a redress of grievances, and the implied right of association and belief contained in the First Amendment. The Supreme Court interprets the extent of the protection afforded to these rights. The First Amendment has been interpreted by the Court as applying to the entire federal government although it is only expressly applicable to Congress. Furthermore, the Court has interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as protecting the rights in the First Amendment from interference by state governments. Two clauses in the First Amendment guarantee freedom of religion. The establishment clause prohibits the government from passing legislation to establish an official religion or preferring one re ligion over another. It enforces the "separation of church and state. Some governmental activity related to religion has been declared constitutional by the Supreme Court. For example, providing bus transportation for parochial school students and the enforcement of "blue laws" is not prohibited. The free exercise clause prohibits the government, in most instances, from interfering with a persons practice of their religion. The most basic component of freedom of expression is the right of freedom of speech. The right of freedom of speech allows an individual to express themselves without interference or constraint by the government. The Supreme Court requires the government to provide substantial justification for the interference with the right of free speech if it attempts to regulate the content of the speech. A less stringent test is applied for content-neutral legislation. The Supreme Court has also recognized that the government may prohibit some speech that may cause a breach of the peace or cause violence. The right of free speech includes other mediums of expression that communicates a message. Despite popular misunderstanding the right of freedom of the press guaranteed by the first amendment is not very different from the right of freedom of speech. It allows an individual to express themselves through publication and dissemination. It is part of the constitutional protection of freedom of expression. It does not afford members of the media any special rights or privileges not afforded to citizens in general. The right to assemble allows people to gather for peaceful and lawful purposes. Implicit within this right is the right to association and belief. The Supreme Court has expressly recognized that a right to freedom of association and belief is implicit in the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments. This implicit right is limited to the right to associate for First Amendment purposes. It does not include a right of social association. The govern ment may prohibit people from knowingly associating in groups that engage and promote illegal activities. The right to associate also, generally, prohibits the government from requiring a group to register or disclose its members or from denying government benefits based on an individuals current or past membership in a particular group. There have been exceptions to this general rule when the Court has found that the governmental interests in disclosure/registration outweigh the interference with first amendment rights. The government may also, generally, not compel individuals to express themselves, hold certain beliefs, or belong to particular associations or groups. The right to petition the government for a redress of grievances guarantees people the right to ask the government to provide relief for a wrong through the courts (litigation) or other governmental action. It works with the right of assembly to allow people to join to seek change from the government.

Memory Lab essays

Memory Lab essays The purpose of the memory lab was to determine which environments are most suitable for memory retention. The participants of this experiment were the students enrolled in our GSC 101 physical science class. Ages ranged from 18years of age to possibly 50. Of these participants we had a wide range of educational majors, ethnical background, and genders. All participants were required to submit a list of thirty common words to be used in the experiment. The testing procedures started at approximately 8:00 p.m. every Tuesday night in class. At this time the teacher would hand each student a list of thirty words face down on the desk (from the lists required of each student). Each participant was given two minutes to study the list followed by a one-minute intermission. After the intermission, each student was given as much time as needed to recall and write down the word list of that particular night. However, each participant was required to stop after they could no longer rec all the words easily. The variables in our memory experiment were repetitions, time, colors, smells, and sounds. Our first variable was repetition. In this part of the experiment each participant was given a list of thirty words with two minutes to study and a one-minute intermission. This lab was repeated four times with the same list of words; each attempt with the same constants (study time, intermission time, and word list). The purpose of this lab was to record the effects of accuracy produced by repetitions. The second variable was time. Using the same list of words from the previous week (repetition lab), the participants were required to recall the list of words without studying them to record the effects of lapse time. This same procedure was used the following week. Again, requiring the participants to recall the list without seeing it first. The effects of color was our next variable. This was achieved by printing three ...

Marketing Research Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Research Report - Coursework Example That is a serious issue and that is the reason behind loss of skilled and experienced employees as those employees quit their jobs. Here in this research I discussed about this problem thoroughly and some solutions I have given at the end. 1. Introduction and problem definition: As a manager of an IT farm I found that there are several corporate problems a organisation faces like drop in market share, profit fall, employee turnover reduction, quality assurance issues, problem form client ends, government policies and several rules and regulations etc. But here I am going to discuss the problems regarding my various employees who just came back from onsite jobs or foreign locations. The details of the problem is discussed below- In modern days it is common to give strategically important tasks to top level executives and send them to foreign countries for a certain time interval. It is widely known as expatriation. To reduce cultural shock it is very important to make those employees aware and train for the culture of new countries and locations. It definitely cost a large amount of money for the organisations to train its employees for a new country. At the moment work in abroad complete that employee comes back to its older location or may be in home country then that employee have some problem regarding this cultural trauma this is known as repatriation. (Nikolaeva, 2010, p.5) Objective of our research is how handle the repatriation practices throughout the organisations efficiently. To gain international market knowledge expatriation is the effective tool. It is also helpful for the organisation when that employee after coming back to home country apply their international knowledge in the organisation. But it is proven that repatriation process is worse than expatriation process, because when an employee having problem regarding his/her own countries culture then that employee is in real problem. That is why in corporate culture repatriation is dangerous th an expatriation. (Arman, 2009, p.1) 2. Research method and limitations To accomplish a valuable research an authentic and generous data collection method need to be followed. Relevant data are collected from market research, after processing those data, they can be used in various research purpose. Hidden knowledge behind the research is understood by the research results and it makes aware the researcher about the problem thoroughly (Kolb, 2008, p. 12). By the market research, researcher get the data form very wide range of population like clients, employees, management people, logistics agents etc (McDaniel & Gates, 1995, p. 5). From several researches methodology researcher can choose couple of them or only one of them. But researcher always needs to keep one thing in mind that his goal of research should not ever get distracted from the previously decided path. Research methodology is the most important factor of the framework as whole analysis is depending on this. Source is th e next important part of the research. Researcher chooses what research approach is also another important factor. After that selection researcher needs to calculate how much primary and secondary research is need to be done and how much importance they need to give each method. After that its only remaining thing is