Salespersons Behaviour Impacts on Customer Loyalty Tends Towards Store Profitability Essay Example

Salespersons Behaviour Impacts on Customer Loyalty Tends Towards Store Profitability Essay This study focuses on how a salespersons ethical and unethical sales behaviour can build or deplete both customer trust in the salesperson and in Business, which in turn influences customer loyalty towards store profitability. The main findings of this study show that the salespersons ethical sales behaviour does play a crucial role in winning customer loyalty through customer trust. Moreover, there exists a reciprocal relationship between customer trust in the salesperson and customer trust towards store profitability, with the latter having a stronger impact on the former than the other way around. Finally, customer trust in the store exerts more influence on customer loyalty than does customer trust in the salesperson, which has implications for store profitability. Key words: Sales Person, Customer Loyalty, Store Profitability INTRODUCTION THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SALES FUNCTION The sales function in profit-oriented organizations provides one of the largest opportunities for employment in the economy. The sales function, thus, is of great significance to both the national economy, and the millions of individuals who depend upon their performance as sales persons to earn their living. Further, effective sales programs are as essential to the success of individual profit-oriented organizations as they are to the economy and the individuals engaged in selling. We will write a custom essay sample on Salespersons Behaviour Impacts on Customer Loyalty Tends Towards Store Profitability specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Salespersons Behaviour Impacts on Customer Loyalty Tends Towards Store Profitability specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Salespersons Behaviour Impacts on Customer Loyalty Tends Towards Store Profitability specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The importance of the sales effort to both the general economy and to profit-oriented enterprises is well accepted. Further, it is obvious that the ability to conduct successful selling activities determines, to a great extent, the career success of individuals engaging in sales as a vocation. Nevertheless, a general knowledge of the elements which are essential for a successful sales call is not widely possessed by either sales persons or sales managers. The other characteristic imposes are: 1. They are persistent. Selling or running a usiness for a living requires a tremendous amount of persistence. Obstacles loom in front of us on a regular basis. But it’s what you do when faced with these barriers that will determine your level of success. I believe it was Brian Tracy who once said that a person will face the most challenging obstacle just before they achieve their goal. The most successful people in any industry have learned to face the obstacles that get in their way. Th ey look for new solutions. They are tenacious. They refuse to give up. 2. Successful sales people are avid goal setters. They know what they want to accomplish and they plan their approach. They make sure their goals are specific, motivational, achievable yet challenging, relevant to their personal situation, and time-framed. They visualize their target, determine how they will achieve their goal, and take action on a daily basis. 3. Great sales people ask quality questions. The best sales people ask their clients and prospect plenty of quality questions to fully determine their situation and buying needs. They know that the most effective way to present their product or service is to uncover their customers goals, objectives, concerns and hesitations. This allows them to effectively discuss the features and benefits of their product and service that most relate to each customer. [pic] Salesperson’s emotional intelligence Despite such contributions of emotional intelligence to an organization, there has been little research relating to the effects of emotional intelligence on service organization. Service organizations are settings that require interpersonal interaction. For salespersons frequently interacting with customers, in particular, emotional intelligence is an important emotional ability that can affect how to serve customers in a selling situation; however, there is insufficient research relating to this statement. The salespersons job is to interact with customers in a selling situation; the core of sales is how a salesperson serves customers. Service employees emotional intelligence can affect method of providing service to customers. Salesperson with high levels of emotional intelligence manages their interactions with customers in a more effective manner. Affective commitment toward other people is a necessary component of social interaction and argued that the showing of positive emotions is associated with a high likelihood of success at work (Nikolaou and Tsaousis, 2002; Rafaeli and Sutton, 1990). Abraham (1999), based on her own earlier observation that optimistic store salesperson would perform better than pessimistic salesperson, proposed that emotional intelligence is directly related to performance. In the process of interaction with customers, employees should show an interest in customers and grasp their needs. Effective interaction may be expressed as broad interpersonal competencies, for example: adaptive selling, positive displayed emotion. Adaptive selling and expression of positive emotion are service providers behavioral response by which intangibility of service is revealed in a tangible form. These are reflected in their observable physical behaviors and displays of initiative motivation, effort, appearance, and so on (Bardzil and Slaski, 2003). The Integrated ability afforded by high levels of emotional intelligence is interpreted as the antecedent variable of excellent service behaviors, and is thus central to the delivery of positive service at the level of the individual and the development of a climate for services at the level of the organization. After all, for relationship between service providers emotional intelligence and behavior, the higher emotional intelligence is more likely to result in effective customization, adaptive behavior, and expression of emotion required by an organization. So service providers emotional intelligence and behavior (adaptive selling behavior and expression of positive emotion) are closely correlated. Customer service quality perceptions Effect of adaptive-selling on customers service quality perceptions Since quality is strongly correlated with organizational performance, such as profitability, market share, or productivity, the role of quality is a very important factor in companies competitive advantage. The service quality is also becoming the core of long-term strategies of companies in that it is a source of vitality in building new customers, maintaining existing customers, and sustaining long-term profitability (Gr_nroos, 1984). Therefore, quality is now an important factor directly connected with corporate survival, rather than simply a factor of competitive advantage. Today it is difficult to differentiate products; the quality of service perceived by customers can also be a very important condition for store’s success. Since service provided by salespersons can be directly connected with companies survival, it is more important than ever to draw up a strategic plan to improve service quality. According to Humphrey and Ashforth (1994), salespersons who serve customers in the same way may have customers perceive service quality as low, since they can easily make a mistake and have difficulty in satisfying individual needs of customers. In other words, the more adaptive selling behaviors salespersons can do to meet customers needs, the higher the service quality perceived by customers. Therefore, salespersons adaptive selling behaviors can be strongly correlated with customers evaluation of service quality Literature Review One of the critical success factor in your post-recession growth plans is your customer base. Your customer base is as valuable an asset to your business, as your people and products are. And your customers can represent the quickest growth opportunity you have. One of the first places to look in evaluating your post-recession growth strategy is your customer base. A key measurement of your customer base is its loyalty to your company and your products. For some companies, customer loyalty means customer satisfaction. This is not the case, though. Loyalty goes deeper than merely being satisfied. Being ‘satisfied’ is really a point of entry with customers. It is an expectation that must be met in order to be in the game. If your customers are not satisfied they will actively go elsewhere. But to merely be â€Å"satisfied† also means to be open to change. Change that the next savvy competitor can leverage to take away your customers. More importantly, your customers’ loyalty levels will dictate just how effective of a role they will play in your growth plans. There are several companies providing customer loyalty analysis, each offering their own terminology. In general terms, though, the overall customer loyalty spectrum goes from aversion to dislike to satisfaction to like and to champion. The objective is to build your business plans, sales and marketing programs and customer interactions with the focus of keeping you customers in the top end of that spectrum. As you look at loyalty — and just how much attention you want to afford to it — look at the benefits. Customer loyalty moves beyond simply satisfaction to create: †¢ Recommendations for your product- either formally as in a customer reference or informally within their peer group †¢ Ready-made pipeline for cross-selling other products and services †¢ A profitable well for new and updated solutions †¢ Lower churn rates, ensuring more customers for the long term †¢ Positive positioning of your company in on-line forums, blogs, Tweets and other social media resources utilized or frequented by the key decision makers So what is the best way to move forward and implement a customer loyalty initiative?

Free Essays on Flying J

The Flying J I visited was in Wendover Nevada. It was a huge building with two main entrances on opposite ends of the mega complex. There were about 10 or 12 gas pumps and a huge lot with several big rig parking spots. The entrance on the left was to the main flying J area. The layout was very strategically placed. The cashier was at the front of the store right next to the entrance. By the entrance was a huge hat display with trucker hats, poker hats, cowboy hats, and beanies. On one side was a huge row of fountain drinks, coffee, slushy, microwaves, and fruit juices dispensers, this toke up the whole side. On the opposite wall were the refrigerated goods. It had soft drinks, beer, milk, eggs, butter, ice cream, and even fresh fruit (I wouldn’t ever buy fruit from a gas station though). In the central area of the store were aisles and aisles of products. The first aisle had magazines, comic books, and even bestseller books. The second row had snack items. There w as even a personal hygiene section from toothpaste to condoms. There were aisles of useless junk like glass figurines and cheap sculptures. This section reminded me of shopping in Tijuana. The last aisle were automotive products with oil, air fresheners, and even ham radios. At the end of every aisle were media stands witch had cds, dvds, videos, book on tape, and even crappie computer games. I also so a bargain bin with under priced items like dice, nameplates, license plate holders, and stickers. There wasn’t any deep fried food or already prepared food to be found anywhere. In the middle of the building was a video poker and slot machine casino. There were actually quite a few people wasting their money on it. In the back of the casino area was the showers and personal sleeping areas. On the right side of the building was a normal sized Arby’s with dining seating and a drive through. The main impression I got from visiting the Flying J was ... Free Essays on Flying J Free Essays on Flying J The Flying J I visited was in Wendover Nevada. It was a huge building with two main entrances on opposite ends of the mega complex. There were about 10 or 12 gas pumps and a huge lot with several big rig parking spots. The entrance on the left was to the main flying J area. The layout was very strategically placed. The cashier was at the front of the store right next to the entrance. By the entrance was a huge hat display with trucker hats, poker hats, cowboy hats, and beanies. On one side was a huge row of fountain drinks, coffee, slushy, microwaves, and fruit juices dispensers, this toke up the whole side. On the opposite wall were the refrigerated goods. It had soft drinks, beer, milk, eggs, butter, ice cream, and even fresh fruit (I wouldn’t ever buy fruit from a gas station though). In the central area of the store were aisles and aisles of products. The first aisle had magazines, comic books, and even bestseller books. The second row had snack items. There w as even a personal hygiene section from toothpaste to condoms. There were aisles of useless junk like glass figurines and cheap sculptures. This section reminded me of shopping in Tijuana. The last aisle were automotive products with oil, air fresheners, and even ham radios. At the end of every aisle were media stands witch had cds, dvds, videos, book on tape, and even crappie computer games. I also so a bargain bin with under priced items like dice, nameplates, license plate holders, and stickers. There wasn’t any deep fried food or already prepared food to be found anywhere. In the middle of the building was a video poker and slot machine casino. There were actually quite a few people wasting their money on it. In the back of the casino area was the showers and personal sleeping areas. On the right side of the building was a normal sized Arby’s with dining seating and a drive through. The main impression I got from visiting the Flying J was ...

Loan modification rules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Loan modification rules - Essay Example The Home Affordable Modification Program The Home Affordable Modification Program is intended to help as many as 3 to 4 million economically stressed homeowners prevent foreclosure by altering mortgage loan payments that is reasonable (â€Å"Home Affordable Modification Program†). The program attempts to alter the mortgage payment to 31% of the homeowner’s monthly income. Reducing the mortgage payment to 31% of pretax income is achieved first by having the interest rate for the mortgage decreased to as low as 2%. The second step will be to lengthen the term of the loan to 40 years and if the payment still has not reached the targeted threshold, the lender can withhold principal and charge interest on a part of the loan. Qualifications The qualifications to decrease the monthly mortgage payment to 31% of the homeowner’s income are uniform throughout the mortgage industry. The Home Affordable Modification Program offers homeowner’s mortgage payment changes i f they are have trouble making mortgage payments because of a hardship.

Software Reuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Software Reuse - Essay Example Software reuse has its roots it software and computer programming in the development of software libraries, which contains functions and subroutines, they are called reusable units of software. Now day’s software reuse contains the spectrum of system artifacts including these software libraries as software requirements and patterns. In software engineering, the last fifty years were a tremendous change. In 1990’s, there had been a shift from tools, processes, documentation and plans to individuals, working software, collaborations and responding to change. Organizations have been moved from typical waterfall models to spiral, evolutionary or iterative process models. Software reuse is categorized into two different types: opportunistic and systematic. Opportunistic means the unplanned and euphemistically reuse of software artifacts that are not originally designed for reuse of it in mind. But as well as concerned with systematic reuse of software, the software artifacts are designed in a sense that they are deliberately reused (Glisic and Lorenzo 2009). Benefits of Software Reuse: The concept behind software reuse is clear cut. Software reuse enables developers to create new software from existing ones using strategies, principles and techniques. A powerful concept proposed by Jones and Bonsignour (2012) has been focused on the software reusability. Software reuse results in a huge productivity, better quality and decrease in time for products. It is a mean to achieve the improvement in the overall software production. A high quality software reuse process improves productivity, quality and dependability as well as schedule, cost and performance of software. In short, software reuse development helps in reduction of risks in legacy and new system development. Estublier and Vege (2005) suggested that a really reusable component had a significant cost. Therefore, to be cost effective, a reusable component must be widely reused. Reuse backdrop encomp asses a range of reuse techniques (Sommerville 2004). Once software reuse is established, it enables the organization to accomplish more without using addition resources. Software reuse is important for business trying to gain and maintain a competitive advantage. It allows organizations to avoid duplicating past efforts. Software issues are also decreased by using these reusing techniques, and it represents a strategy to meet the challenges of rapidly changing complex environment (Pressman 2010). Lim (1998) identifies many benefits of software reuse, which are given as following: Improved software quality Short time to market Increase development productivity Consistent application functionality Reduce the risk of cost and schedule overruns Allow prototyping for validating user requirements Leveraging of technical skills and knowledge There are many benefits of software reuse, however, cannot be realized until effective implementation is not applied. Reuse of a software component, which cannot meet the requirements, cannot present the evident until verification and validation activities. Software reuse has broader benefits, but these benefits may be overlooked or go largely unrealizable without the organizational support for reuse and incentives for reuse (Larman 2012). Potential Problems with Software Reuse: Sobh (2010) stated the following facts, which affect the software reusing process:

America in the 1920s Essay Example for Free

America in the 1920s Essay In 1919, soldiers from World War One returned back to America and were not used to society. Many Americans wished for normalcy and believed the United States should go back to the way it was before the war. President Warren Harding was most popular for his promised actions toward normalcy. After becoming President, Harding did not change much of America and also died of a heart attack eight hundred and eighty one days into office. The main objective of normalcy was to get rid of fear from WWI and fears from future wars. The act of prohibition upon Americans, the delivery of a new mass culture, and changes in social conflicts marked the 1920s, in many ways. With all of these new inventions and ideas being made, there were still some ideas like the rebirth of prohibition that did not succeed. During the 1920s, women and children created a prohibition to stop the unnecessary abuse of alcohol. The first attempt at a prohibition was the Temperance Movement of the 1800s. It was an organized effort to end alcohol abuse and all of the problems it created. Women and children were suffering because of husbands and fathers abusing alcohol. In the times of WWI, a support for prohibition grew again. Veterans who were having problems when returning home from battle began to abuse alcohol to cope. The main goal of prohibition was to cut down on drunkenness. Without alcohol, there would be fewer accidents at work because people sober people have more awareness and coordination. The first effect of prohibition was it becoming the eighteenth amendment in the U. S. The prohibition created bootleggers who would secretly make and transport the alcohol illegally. With the supply of alcohol, speakeasies began to occur where secret clubs and parties would happen illegally. The growth of organized crime developed in cities. Local gangs began to supply alcohol to speakeasies. This organization of gangs started to encourage prostitution, gambling, and fighting again. The mobs became so powerful and wealthy that they could remain free of crimes by simply paying off the police. The Amendment did not last long because in 1933, prohibition was ended in America. The stop to prohibition was known as the twenty first Amendment. Even with most people in the city still drinking, there was a reduced amount of alcoholism and related deaths overall which led to new ideas and a new mass culture. In the 1920s, several forms in culture like music, movies, radio broadcasts, art, and literature began to spread across the U. S. Soldiers were returning from WWI scared and lacking sources of happiness. There was a need for new inventions and for the American citizens to feel happy again. A type of entertainment available at the time was movies without words and would only play music in the theater. Another kind of entertainment was radios, but they did not have any broadcasting stations. The newest craze in music was Jazz. Jazz would come from African American roots with improvisation, syncopation, and usually a regular or forceful rhythm. Harlem, New York became the capitol of Jazz with over five hundred clubs. The most famous club was the Cotton Club. Movies became one of the most popular types of entertainment in the 1920s. At the time, eighty million tickets were being purchased per week. The movie industry quickly grew to the fourth largest industry in the U. S. The first talkie, or movie with words, was the â€Å"Jazz Singer,† starring Al Jolson. In 1924, the Hollywood Land sign was built to reflect on the success of the movie industry. Radios were not a new device in 1920, but had new features that would change the world forever. The first radio broadcast was KDKA in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Stations involved with the broadcasts were CBS and NBC. Citizens would listen to music, jokes, and shows from NBC on their radios. All the new forms of culture from African Americans is however what sparked all the racial problems and discrimination in the North and the South. During the 1920s, many changes in society like the challenge on religious beliefs, the possible truth and explanations of science, and lack of equality for all races were put into play. The prior religion of America has been closely linked to Christianity. The nation was founded itself off of Christianity. Fundamentalism is what interpreted the bible as truth, rather than science. Besides religion, inequality was a big problem in America. Slaves were African Americans in the U. S. since the 1600s. During the times after the Civil War when the South lost, the Ku Klux Klan began to terrorize the African Americans. In the 1920s, people began to question their God or Gods. The truth of the bible was also being questioned. Many Americans were still against the belief that a God does not exist. Another part of the science versus religion was the Scopes Trial. John Scopes taught the theory of evolution in a Tennessee Science class. 22 States did not allow teaching against the bible in the 1920s. The case was taken all the way to the Supreme Court and was ruled in favor of Scopes. In the 1920s, there was a rebirth of the KKK and the development of other organizations. Violence began in the North and South against African Americans; this was odd because the North was usually with the African Americans. The Africans faced discrimination, lynching, and the threats from the KKK. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and Marcus Garvey’s establishment of the Universal Negro Improvement Association were organizations trying to stop discrimination towards the blacks. The extreme amounts of racism and discrimination that is in American heritage during the 1920s cannot be covered up. The 1920s of America were influenced by prohibition, a new mass culture, and social conflicts. In the 1920s, Prohibition was established in an attempt to rid America of alcohol because of its unnecessary effects of gambling, prostitution, accidents, and fighting. Several new forms of entertainment came out like talking movies, new forms of art, Jazz music, and radio broadcasts. Several social conflicts in the U. S. like racism and discrimination happened in the U. S. Even though the 1920s was filled with unforgettable racism and discrimination, it still was marked as one of the most economically boosted periods of U. S. history.

Janet Jackson :: Essays Papers

Janet Jackson You know she's a Jackson. And you know she's a singer. Of course, you know the girl can dance. You know she's a leading lady in Hollywood. And maybe you still think of her as a cute little girl with a famous last name and big , bright eyes. Do you think she's what she was yesterday? Better think again. As many of her other fans and followers already know, the only label that fits her is†¦ Janet. Time flies when your having fun and that's the way she wants its. Since the grown Miss Jackson burst upon the music scene in 1986 with Control Selling eight million records and establishing her as a bold, sensual, independent woman, she's been breaking the molds and banishing the stereotypes the world would set for her. She's not just the cute, little girl- actress we loved on "Good Times" and "Different Strokes" or the earnest teen we followed of "Fame." She's not the Jackson family's baby-not any more. Clearly, the only thing you can safely say about her is that she's Janet. And that's saying a lot. Consider that she's already appeared in five television series, made seven albums, and starred in a major motion picture. She's sold over 24 million albums worldwide, achieved five Top Five hits from her 1986 record, Control and a record seven Top Five Hits from the 1989 Rhythm Nation 1814 album, four went to no.#1. She followed that up with a record breaking world tour, a movie and her self-titled album Janet. You might think that a woman with a pedigree and resume as impressive as this would have had a smooth ride all along. Not so. Says Janet, "I went through a great deal of pain from about sixteen to nineteen and a half†¦ Pain that I really wouldn't wish upon anyone." During those years, challenging years for anyone, Janet released two albums, Janet Jackson (1982) and Dream Street (1984). She spent a difficult and lonely year away from her family in New York while appearing in "Fame," and by the time she was nineteen, had been through a divorce after a short-lived marriage to James DeBarge of another somewhat less famous singing family, the DeBarge Family.

Labor Negotiations Essay

Many times, the process of collective bargaining agreement (CBA) negotiations is referred to as being â€Å"an art†. Although it is guided by various labor laws and there are multitudes of theories that claim to have established best practices in the field, every negotiation simply has too many unique variables to consider to ever be approached as anything more than an art. Even in the short span in which new negotiations are required to reach an updated contract, too many changing factors on both sides of the table are apt to make the extrapolation of one bargaining scenario to the next inefficient and ineffective. There is no â€Å"one-size-fits all† approach. What worked best in one instance could potentially fail with dire consequences in another. To attempt to define, or even identify a structured component to the process would be futile. People, personalities, economics, demographics, policy and law are not static, nor are needs, wants, concepts, trends or priorities. Deception and intimidation during negotiations is commonplace, and unfortunately sometimes holds more relevancy than fact. For these reasons,  it is important for labor negotiators to be able to anticipate the worst, but hope to ultimately achieve a best case scenario. The final, ratified contract is applied to both parties, and hopefully in the end, it represents what is best for all involved. There are many potential stakeholders depending on the industry, but in the case of the community of Pleasant Ridge, it is the students and that ultimately have the most to lose. This can easily be forgotten when bargaining teams’ self-interests take hold. Deciding on the appropriate bargaining techniques and strategies requires a very well-thought out, careful approach. Whatever approach is used has to take into account the past, current and future needs of both parties, and has to be based on an accurate analysis of external and internal data, as well as political considerations. Successful negotiators must be adaptable and flexible in their thought processes and behaviors, and must be willing to compromise as situational needs dictate. As several different personality types compete and interact, even within the confines of one bargaining team, negotiations can be a very daunting process. All of this is important to keep in mind as we examine and analyze the case of the community of Pleasant Ridge. Bargaining Strategy A bargaining strategy should only be determined once all of the relevant, factual information has been reviewed. That is not to say a strategy cannot be changed depending on circumstances once negotiations begin, but it is useful to set the tone for negotiations and help insure a mutually understood strategic concept among bargaining team members. Recent labor relations practice has moved away from traditional adversarial bargaining, or â€Å"zero-sum† bargaining, and has focused more on interest-based bargaining, or â€Å"win-win† bargaining. According to Cutcher-Gershenfield, â€Å"A close look at the interest-based experiments in labor relations reveals that adversarial institutional patterns have often been rejected in favor of more collaborative, problem-solving techniques without a full appreciation of the underlying reasons for the establishment of the original institutional patterns.† (1996, 323). In theory, winning with interest-based bargaining is presu med to be agreement of the parties to a ratified contract that both can live with (Kearney, 209, 134); not â€Å"winning† in the sense that one party  ultimately prevails over the other on any particular issue. In the case of Pleasant Ridge, there is no single reason to preclude interest-based bargaining as an effective strategy. As the Pleasant Ridge Board of Education (Board) and the Pleasant Ridge Classroom Teachers Association (PRCTA) commence negotiations over a new CBA, it is important to note that both parties are in a relatively good position. From a fiscal standpoint, the school is doing well. Student enrollment is increasing, local property revenues are increasing and State Revenues are expected to increase for the upcoming school year. While none of these items are guaranteed, barring any unexpected national, state or local political catastrophes, short-term projections should remain fairly accurate and consistent. This may place the Board at a slight disadvantage during negotiations when considering ability to pay, especially considering the PRCTA memberships’ apparent adversarial position. It serves to underscore the importance of the Board to sincerely attempt to negotiate a finalized contract during the first steps of the process. In comparing wages, hours and working conditions, the PRC TA is not far off when it is reviewed against comparable teachers’ unions. Even when considering labor markets that are competitive in the long run, however, the over-all analysis should include information about employer attributes because labor markets do not adjust instantaneously (Eberts and Stone, 1985, 274). The consequences of ignoring district-specific information are potentially serious, according to Eberts and Stone (1985, 274). To push an employer into economic oblivion as the result of unrealistic contract demands could have disastrous consequences for all involved. While the memberships’ concerns are very important, they must keep in mind their best interests in finalizing a contract with few to no concessions quickly. It is up to the PRCTA to educate their members on the long term affects their present actions may have. Additionally, in a world of economic uncertainty and increasing demand for education reform, the PRCTA is better suited to act quickly so that public sentiment and political forces have less likelihood of effecting policy change before they have a ratified contract. A ratified contract provides strong protections for union members against ever-changing political forces. Bargaining Position of the Board Labor negotiations can be a strategic nightmare fraught with competing priorities and concerns from every affected player. For the community of Pleasant Ridge, the primary considerations of the Board and the PRCTA during negotiations will predominantly revolve around advancing self-interests, whether they impact external stakeholders or not. That is an almost inherent aspect of the process. Public and political sentiment may or may not be secondarily considered, and will certainly be impacted, but those concerns typically do not guide the negotiations process. Kerchner and Koppich argue in their article, Negotiating What Matters Most: Collective Bargaining and Student Achievement, â€Å"that it is in the public interest for teacher unions and school districts to negotiate student achievement goals even though neither may want to do so.† (2007). While morally laudable, realistically this will most likely never happen outside of the legal environment, and is way beyond the scope of this analysis. Contract length could be the most important protection the Board could achieve. A two year contract would be very beneficial for the Board, because it removes the dangers of making accurate financial projections too far in the future. It would also allow the Board more flexibility in bargaining positions that are tied to economics because they would not be invested in a lengthy contract should political or economic factors significantly change. Aside from a two year contract, the Board should support a 3% raise the first year of the contract, and a 3% raise the second year, conditioned on the promise of the PRCTA memberships’ public support for the upcoming millage. This would get the PRCTA membership very close, if not above, a competitive market salary within their own comparable communities at a relatively quick rate, while bolstering the financial position of the Board to be able to implement future contractual raises should the millage be approved. Additionally, the Board will not incur all of the increased costs of implementing the salary increases all in one year, making it more palatable for the school district in general, while not simultaneously rendering the budget unsustainable. The Board should also support agreement to grant tenure in the 3rd year on the condition of the elimination of the one year wage payout provision. Not only does this achieve comparability within the comparable community context, it serves as a huge future economic win for the Board. In the event layoffs become necessary, the burden of paying out a years’ salary to  any tenured teachers would be an undeniable savings should the school district experience tough economic times. Since decreasing the class size to 25 would increase the number of teachers required, it would be more fiscally responsible for the board to leave this item status quo. The Board could add an amendment allowing for the hiring of teacher’s aides should the classroom population exceed 25, but it shouldn’t be an initial position. If push comes to shove and this single item becomes a deal-breaker, the Board and the PRCTA could revisit the issue at 27 students, as long as an agreement could be achieved with a provision requiring no additional teachers or classroom space.   There is no guarantee that the student population will continue to increase, so agreeing to this item could have unintended financial consequences later. It is never outside the realm of reality that one teacher’s salary could mean the difference between balancing and not balancing the budget. Reasonable Settlement for the Union In determining the reasonableness of a settlement for the PRCTA, several factors should be considered. Typically, wages are at the forefront of union demands, and the fact that the Board is willing to raise salaries to levels above the comparable communities the PRCTA selected should speak volumes. That alone may be enough to achieve ratification. In addition, the PRCTA needs to consider the effects of having an arbitrator decide their fate. If the Board is being reasonable in their proposal, there is no reason to chance the final decisions in the hands of an individual who may or may not agree with position of the PRCTA. The Board has not requested concessions, comparable wages have been offered, and other positions lean toward the comparable communities of the union. In a fact-finding or arbitration scenario, the Board would undoubtedly be able to find comparable communities supporting their position. According to Crawford, final offer arbitration’s distinguishing feature is that it threatens bargainers with a settlement determined by the relative desirability to the arbitrator of their final offers. This creates incentives for bargainers to move their final offers closer to what they think the arbitrator wants, even if they are uncertain of his wishes (1981, 207). In the Pleasant Ridge scenario, the position of the Board is more than reasonable, and should ultimately be accepted as such by the PRCTA, rather than advancing to fact-finding or final offer  arbitration. Fact-Finding â€Å"The consequences of impasse are evident in the amount of private and public resources spent on civil litigation, the costs of labor unrest, the psychic and pecuniary wounds of domestic strife, and in clashes among religious, ethnic and regional groups.† (Babcock, Lowesenstein, 1997, 326) Should the parties reach impasse and the matter be referred to fact-finding, the Fact-Finder should make a recommendation based on the school district’s current and projected future financial position (ability to pay), the current political environment as far as public education policy is concerned, and to a lesser extent, should consider the proposals in comparison to those of comparable communities. In making a settlement recommendation, the Fact-Finder should find the initial position of the Board to be quite consistent with that of the PRCTA, as well as quite generous and reasonable. It is almost certain that a Fact-Finder would agree with the Board’s position on wages and tenure. It is reasonable to think that he or she would agree on tenure, but possibly decrease rather than eliminate the year of salary payout, unless they considered a layoff situation a financial hardship. If the Board could successfully present that as a business case, a Fact-Finder may agree. With regard to class size, a three to five student decrease should not present a significant enough business case to cause the school district to absorb an increase in additional teaching salaries and roll-up costs. A Fact-Finder should support that item as remaining status-quo. Final Offer Arbitration The board would undoubtedly have to go to arbitration to remove the politics of implementing a contract from their hands should the parties not be able to reach a settlement. With two of the board members being labor union members, and three endorsed by the Pleasant Ridge Central Labor Union (PRCLU), not going to arbitration would be political suicide. As demonstrated in previous board elections, two members lost to candidates who were endorsed by the PRCLU, showing the strength that the PRCLU exhibits. Having a neutral party force a contract on both sides would be the only political out the Board members would have. In a final offer settlement package, it is of the utmost importance that both parties consider the most  desirable benefits that could be achieved, and tailor the final offer package around those. Prioritization of issues is significant, as well as is reasonableness. In the final offer package, it would be incumbent on the Board to submit lower contractual wage increases, potentially to 2% each year of a two-year contract, with class size and tenure remaining status quo, with the elimination of the one-year wage payout provision. For the PRCTA, it would be beneficial to package a deal containing a 5 year contract with 2% wage increases for each year of the contract. Considering they really have nothing to lose since concessions aren’t being considered, they should also incorporate the decreased class size of 25 students, and tenure to reflect the 3 year comparable. Even if the arbitrator sides with the Board, the PRCTA hasn’t lost anything besides the one-year payout provision. Likely, that is something that will affect very few of the current members. REFERENCES Babcock, L., & Loewenstein, G. (1997). Explaining bargaining impasse: The role of self-serving biases. Advances in behavioral economics, 326. Crawford, V.P. (1981), Arbitration and Conflict Resolution in Labor-Management Bargaining. The American Economic Review. 71(2). Papers and Proceedings of the Ninety-Third Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. 205-210. Cutcher-Gershenfeld, J. (1996). Bargaining Over How to Bargain in Labor-Management Negotiations. Negotiation Journal, 10(4), 323-335. Retrieved on March 22, 2014 from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1571-9979.1994.tb00032.x/abstract. Eberts, R.W. and Stone, J.A. (1985), Wages, Fringe Benefits, and Working Conditions: An Analysis of Compensating Differentials. Southern Economic Journal. 52(1). 274-280. Kearney, R.C., Labor Relations in the Public Sector, Fourth Edition. CRC Press. 381. Kerchner, C.T. and Koppich, J.E. (2007). Negotiating What Matters Most: Collective Bargaining and Student Achievement. A merican Journal of Education. 113(3). 349-365. Retrieved on March 22, 2014 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/512736. Walton, R. E. (1994). Strategic negotiations: A theory of change in labor-management relations. Harvard Business Press.

How Do Retailers Like David Jones Add Value to the...

How do retailers like David Jones add value to the marketing system? Does an online retailer like Scorptec add value in the same manner? The purchasing goods amp; services have throughout the years begun to lead to a new perception of consumer relationship and in ways businesses conduct their operations. Not only is a business concerned with the buying and selling of goods amp; services but to further maintain that relationship with their customers to correlate between both parties. As this being the prime functionality of businesses, each business must differentiate themselves with other businesses offering different and wholesome services, which overwhelms their competitors, thus adding their own individualistic value to the marketing†¦show more content†¦An important factor that determines whether consumers should return back to the store later is the intrinsic value the business portrayed. Staff aids potential buyers with their product knowledge as well as having a further evaluation with their products. The simple values David Jones provides are various experiences such as fitting in clothes before you p urchase the product for second thoughts and having the ability to smell the fragrance before purchasing it and knowing what it smells like. On the other hand, a online retail store in comparison to a retail store provide new values to their marketing system. Businesses like Scorptec offer values to their customers in different methods. The most simplistic value they offer is reduced prices of their products attracting customers. The reasoning behind reduced costs of goods is because the handling cost have reached minimal amounts in parallel to retail stores. Online retailers require only a storage warehouse to contain their products and dispatch them when they are required. This is managed by inventory control to ensure that products are available for sale when needed without overstocking on the product. The prime function of managing an online retail is that the business doesn’t require shipping products to independent intermediaries. This makes time and concentration more available on creating an improved product without the need to consistently dispatch products to outlets but simply

Dante s Journey Of Salvation - 1648 Words

As Dante makes his ascent through hell and purgatory, he is guided by two figures. The first is Virgil, who saves him from peril and accompanies him, as a friend, through the layers of both afterlifes. The second is Beatrice, who inspired Dante’s journey of salvation in the first place, and who he longs to be reunited with. Yet although these guides are leading him towards God, Dante mistakes their guiding as the end itself. He makes a God of Beatrice, sees her as the ultimate good towards which one strives, and makes a Jesus of Virgil, the man through whom this ultimate good is reached. In this way, Dante creates his own trinity, much to the detriment of his ascent to the True God. His first mistake, through which the others stem, is equating Beatrice to God. While she was alive, her beautiful eyes and lovely limbs were the only things keeping him on the holy path. This is clear when he confesses â€Å"Things set in front of me, / with their false delights, turned back my steps / the moment that Your countenance was hidden† (Purgatorio.31.34-36). He could have avoided traveling through the afterlifes had he not overvalued her in the first place. In fact, even when he is promised redemption through his journey, it takes Virgil mentioning Beatrice as the end goal of his journey to persuade Dante to begin the undertaking (Inferno.2.57-126). Dante still sees Beatrice, rather than God, as the end towards which he strives. For her sake alone he goes down into the deepest pits ofShow MoreRelatedDante s View On The Existence Of Hell, Purgatory And Paradise1328 Words   |  6 PagesWho is Dante? He was a man that had a desire to find the truths of heaven and ear th even from a very young age; his goal was to understand the three worlds in his mind of hell, purgatory and paradise so that he could find the true everlasting happiness. In Dante’s age there was not really a separation between church and state. â€Å"Dante s philosophical view was also a political view. In Dante s time, there were two major political factions, the Guelphs and the Ghibellines. Originally, the GhibellinesRead MoreDante And The Nature Of Sin967 Words   |  4 Pages Dante and the Nature of Sin Often, we cannot see the good until we have experienced the bad. Dante Alighieri, a poet who makes himself the main character in his Divine Comedy, finds himself lost in a dark wood at the start of The Inferno. Though he sees a safe path out of the wood towards an alluring light, he is forced to take an alternate route through an even darker place. 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The inferno is all different levels of hell and all of the seven deadly sins. Dante meets his guide virgil here who is with him throughout the entire Divine Comedy. Virgil is the one who takes him on the journey through hell. The circles of hell starting with circle one areRead MoreLewis And The Silent Planet1326 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Influence of Dante in Out of the Silent Planet All throughout Lewis novels there is evidence that clearly connects the themes and symbolism from other aspects of traditional Christian literature both during and before he began writing. One of the most distinct examples of this occurring within Lewis’ works is the influence that Dante had on the concepts that he reflects on while conveying thoughts to his readers. 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Key Resources That Affect Creativity Are Time And Money

†¢ Resources - The two main resources that affect creativity are time and money. When it comes to a project, we must determine the funding, people and other resources that a team legitimately needs to complete the task. †¢ Work-group Features–Group must work for common objectives of their group. There must be mutual understanding between group members. There must be predefined rules and regulations for every group member. There should be effective communication among every group member.(Wride, 2012) †¢ Supervisory Encouragement - Most managers and supervisors can encourage creativity by offering due recognition and credit to their team members. Managers can also support creativity by serving as a role model, persevering through tough†¦show more content†¦References- 1] T. Bateman and J.M. Cram, The Proactive Component of Organizational Behavior: A Measure And Correlates, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14 (1993): 103-118. 2] T. Bateman and H. O Neill, The Goals of the Top Manager: A General Taxonomy and Customized Hierarchies, Working manuscript, University of North Carolina, 1999. 3] White Paper: Innovation in the workplace a multi-level approach drawn from academic research PenniWolfgramm19th September 2011. 4] Riesman, F. K., Hartz, T. A. (2010).Crafting a Culture of Creativity and Innovation the Talent Management Handbook: Creating a Sustainable Competitive Advantage by Selecting, Developing, and Promoting the Best People. 5]Christensen, C., Dyer, J., Gregerson, H. (2011). The Innovator’s DNA: Mastering the five skills of disruptive innovators. Boston: Mass, Harvard Business Press. 6] Zenith International Journal of Business Economics Management Research.2012.vol.6 7]T.M. Amabile, Motivational Synergy: Toward New Conceptualizations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in the Workplace, Human Resource Management Review. 3(1993): 185-201. 8] Amabile, T. M. (1998).How to kill creativity (pp. 77-87).Harvard Business School Publishing 9] Harnessing Creativity and Innovation in the Workplace by Olivier Serrat.2009.vol.69. 10] Special Edition on Innovation in Organizations November 2012,Show MoreRelatedFormal Structure Interface With Internal And External Business Environment904 Words   |  4 Pagesorganizational culture in overcoming challenges and Resistance to change An article â€Å"How to Kill Creativity† published in the Harvard Business Review (1998), Therese Amabile identified a few proven strategies for organizations to help promote creativity and address systemic factors that are known to stifle the drive to be creative. 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Economic Impact of Sports Tourism in Australia

Question: Describe about the Economic Impact of Sports Tourism in Australia. Answer: Introduction Sports tourism refers to the movement of tourists from one region to another region for the purpose of viewing a sporting event. There has been a significant increase in the number of tourist in the last decade for sports tourism. During such events the tourists contribute to the growth of the local economy, which would not be there under normal circumstances. In addition there is development of infrastructure and also generation of employment. It has also been found that during sports mega event there is an increase in the sales of TV and tablets (Thorne 2016). In addition, it has been found that a sports event gives a feel good effect. It has been that local residents spend more due to the feel good effect, thus contributing to the economy. In a study commissioned by the European commission (2012), it has been found that sports tourism contributes to the increase in Tourism, Education and Fitness and media. Sports tourism contributes significantly to the growth of the hospitality industry in certain countries in the European Union. In some of the North-Western European countries the supply of fitness goods economically benefits certain organizations. In addition sports education contributes to the economy of most of the countries of Europe. In the present assignment we review the previous studies done on the impact of sports tourism on economy of the local region. Thereafter we develop some questions and develop some hypothesis for the present research proposal. We also develop a methodology to study the hypothesis. Finally we give a brief outline regarding the expected research outcome and provide a conclusion. Literature review In Australia the tourism industry is a growing industry (Chen and Bailey 2014). It had a growth of $103 billion in 2013 to $105 billion in 2014. The tourism sector is expected to grow to approximately $119 billion by 2022. Sport tourism forms a significant part of this tourism industry. Australia with New Zealand co-hosted the ICC championships in 2015. The attendance on the final day was more than 90,013 people. The cricket world cup (2015) saw significant foreign investments and thereby lowered the requirement of initial capital investment and thereby the overall burden of capital procurement was significantly diminished (PwC CWC 2015). The sports extravaganza had 595,000 visitors with 145,000 international visitors. The sporting event saw the GDP of Australia grow by AUS$460 million. Many infrastructure developments took place as a result of the tournament. The tournament also opened the avenues for future developments. A study undertaken by Ernst Young on behalf of Confederation of Australian Motor Sports (CAMS) found that in 2013 the Australian motor sport industry generated $2.7 billion in direct industry investments (Ernst and Young CAMS 2013). Besides this the sporting body also created 16,000 jobs. According to the report $12 15,000 are spend per year by the participants for sports related activities. They spend upto$60,000 per year for purchase of vehicle related products. CAMS contributes significantly to the regional economy through the use of sports tracks, travel behaviour of participants and also the distribution of participants. A study commissioned by the European commission (2012), investigated the impact of different aspects of sports (tourism, education, goods) towards the growth of the economy. The study found that factors of sports tourism are benefited the most. It also found that the factors important for the sports hotels, air transport, fitness goods have a substantial amount of economic growth. The study found that sports tourism enables the growth of both the economy as well as the employment. It was also found that Winter sports tourism to certain countries contributes to both employment and hospitality sector. According to a study by La Trobe University (aflvic.com.au 2014) Community football clubs contribute significantly towards the growth of the economy. For every $1 investment in Community football clubs there is a return on investment to the tune of $4.4 in social value. The report found that the local football clubs contribute to local business and hospitality industry. According to the Street Ryan Economic contribution report a local football club on an average contributes $630,000 towards the growth of the economy. Sports tourism is all about the experiences of the people (Shipway et al. 2016). An understanding of sports tourism reflects on the places visited and the activities undertaken by the sports tourists. The study suggested that for the growth of sports tourism, the tourist should be provided with good vivid experiences. The study also noted that much needs to be done in the field of cycling sports to make it a successful sports tourism event. In a report about the AFC world cup of 2015, tourism Australia estimated that there would be 30,000 overseas fans (tourism.australia.com 2015). The fans would not only be visiting the five locations where the matches would be played but also other venues of interest. This according to PricewaterhouseCoopers will contribute to the GDP to the tune of A$23 million. A sports mega event attracts a huge number of tourists and also growth in infrastructure (Li and Jago 2013). Tourists at a sports event contribute to the economic growth of the local economy. These economic benefits can be from the sale of tickets and in the hospitality sector. Also the tourists visiting other locations near the sporting event contributes to the growth of the economy. In addition, during a sports mega event employment is generated. The employment generation can be in the form of infrastructure development and officials and other staff required for the event. Sports have contributed to the economy of South Africa (Marumo, Lubbe and Pelser 2015). The world tourism organization in 2001 estimated that sports tourism contributes to 4-6% of the GDP to the country. Sports tourisms contribute to the employment, hospitality and growth of infrastructure of the region. Tourism infrastructures like event sites, transportation facilities, tourist attraction sites and airports see a modernization of their facilities. Research Questions and Hypothesis The aim of the research is to access the impacts of sports tourism in Australia. To attain the aim of the study, the researcher needs to follow the objectives of the research: To evaluate the economic contribution of the sports tourism facilitated by the government of Australia To assess the infrastructural growth prospects of sports tourism of Australia To investigate the hotel occupancy rate during the sports event incurred in the recent times Research question The questions of the research are the present business research proposal are: Does sports tourism contribute to the economic growth of the local region? Is there infrastructure growth during a sports event? Is there increase in hotel occupancy during sports event? Hypotheses Based on the above research questions the hypothesis for the present research is Sports tourism has no significant impact on local economy Sports tourism does not contribute to the infrastructure of the city Sports tourism has no contribution to the hospitality sector Operational Definitions The average spending per visitor is defined as the amount of money that each visitor spends at a foreign location. The multiplier and capture rates are defined as the net amount of money that goes towards the economy of the local region. Research methodology: Analysis of the data collection method: The research must be systematic in nature to attain the aim of the research. The primary research will be conducted for accumulating the quantitative data from the sample respondents. In this research, the survey will be conducted to know more about the perceptions regarding the sports tourism in Australia. Sampling Techniques The number of spectators at the sports events is the main respondents of the research. 50 respondents will be chosen to participate in the survey process. However it is important to follow the random sample technique while choosing the respondents for conducting the survey process. In this context, it is quite justifiable to choose the random sample technique for collecting the universal views of the respondents regarding the sports tourism. No significant categories of spectators view of a particular sport can be collected because the broader perspective of views needs to be analysed regarding the research topic. Method of Analysis The collected primary data will be analysed through quantitative research design method. Freeman (2015) gives a brief explanation of the method to evaluate the economic impact of sports tourism during a sports event. To evaluate the impact the primary task is to find the number of spectators at the meet, and from this number find the number of non local tourists. Then the next step would be research the average spending by the tourist (Gibson, Kaplanidou and Kang 2012). Next we calculate the number of days the sports meet would continue. The next step would be to find the cost of living in the location. Thus the average daily spending by the touring party can be found. With some research we could find the total spending by the tourists. Thus we can find the economic impact of a sport event. Gantt chart Week 1 Week 6 Week 10 Week 13 Week 14 Introduction Literature review Data collection Data analysis Conclusion Figure 1: Gantt chart of the research Research Process For the purpose of the present research the data regarding the number of tourists during a sports event would be collected. The data would be collected both from the hospitality industry as well as spectators at the sporting venue. The data on the number of tourists would be used to calculate the expenses during the sports meet. This would then be used to evaluate the impact on the economy. Expected outcome of the research Previous audits conducted by Price Waterhouse Coopers, Ernest and Young on Australias mega sports events have shown that sports events always contributes to a growth in tourism of the country. The audits have also shown that factors like employment increase, growth in infrastructure, feel good effect have contributed to the growth in the economy. Previous studies have shown that such sports meet also brings in money by way of contributions from sporting bodies. All this contributes significantly to the growth of economy and GDP of the country. The present research will show how the economy of the region is benefited with the help of sports tourism. Conclusion Thus it can be concluded that sports and tourism are related with each other. In addition we also find that tourism during sports events contributes positively to the growth of the economy. The present research will analyse to some extent the effect of sports tourism on the economy, employment gains to the local economy. The present would also analyse other factors which have positively contributed to the growth of the economy. The research would also provide whether sports tourism has any negative impact on the economy. References aflvic.com.au (2014) Value of Community Football Club, La TRobe Univesity, Victoria Chen, G. and Bailey, G. (2014). Tourism Forecasts - Autumn 2014, Tourism Research Australia, Canberra. Ernst and Young CAMS. (2013). Economic Contribution of the Australian Motor Sports industry, Ernst and Young, Australia Freeman, K.M., 2015. Inexpensively estimating the economic impact of sports tourism programs in small American cities. Indiana Business Review, 90(1), p.1. Gibson, H.J., Kaplanidou, K. and Kang, S.J., 2012. Small-scale event sport tourism: A case study in sustainable tourism. Sport Management Review, 15(2), pp.160-170. Li, S. and Jago, L., 2013. Evaluating economic impacts of major sports eventsa meta analysis of the key trends. Current Issues in Tourism, 16(6), pp.591-611. Marumo, M., Lubbe, S. and Pelser, T. (2015). Sport tourism as a developmental initiative in the economy of Mafikeng. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(2). PwC CWC. (2015). Economic impact and benefits analysis of the ICC World Cup 2015, Pricewaterhouse Coopers, Australia Shipway, R., King, K., Lee, I. and Brown, G. (2016). Understanding cycle tourism experiences at the Tour Down Under. Journal of Sport Tourism, 20(1), pp.21-39. SportEcon, 2012. Study on the contribution of sport to economic growth and employment in the EU: final report. Thorne, R. (2016). Economic impact of sporting events. [online] The Independent. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/student/shu/economic-impact-of-sporting-events-10260570.html [Accessed 1 Dec. 2016]. tourism.australia.com. (2015). AFC Asian Cup to give Australian tourism a free kick. Retrieved from https://www.tourism.australia.com/news/Media-Releases-2015-afc-asian-cup.aspx

Technological society Essay Example

Technological society Essay Critically assess the contention that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation inevitably leads to deskilling. Although the deskilling debate only started in 1974, when Harry Bravermans thesis, Labour and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century was published, the causes for the argument had begun many years earlier, in the 1890s with the introduction of F. W Taylors ideas for reorganising work. Braverman (1920-1976) was a sheet metal worker, and a member of the American Communist party. It was his background in skilled trades that allowed him to analyse the changes that were taking place. As it was Braverman that first came up with the theory of deskilling, it is his definition that should be considered. His definition says that: skill represents the central asset possessed by workers, and that modern capitalist systems of work design, like Taylorism, degrade or deskill work, as a means of controlling and cheapening it. (Braverman, 1974). This Marxist analysis was a direct challenge to the long accepted views and implemented methods of Taylor. Braverman also argued that new technologies play a vital role in deskilling, and by working on new technologies workers build for themselves more modern, more scientific, more dehumanised prisons of labour. Taylor was an American engineer, who developed the idea of Scientific Management over 100 years ago. His principles of organising and controlling work recommended to managers that complex tasks needed to be split up into the maximum number of subtasks possible (Fincham Rhodes, 2005). There were other recommendations given by Taylor, namely the divorce of conception from execution. We will write a custom essay sample on Technological society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technological society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technological society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This told managers that All possible brainwork should be removed from the shop and centred in the planning or laying out department (Braverman 1974:113) It was this that Braverman heavily criticised, and so it must be looked at how the introduction of new technologies could cause this to happen. One of the best known and earliest examples of Taylorism in practice in the workplace is at General Motors plants at the start of the last century. By using Taylors methods, and introducing the assembly line, output increased from 8,700 in 1906 to 34,000 in 1911, 300,000 in 1914, rising to 1.9 million in 1923. (Tolliday Zeitlin, 1992) These massive increases in production came without the use of skilled labour, by 1914, over half the workforce were Southern and Eastern European immigrants, many of whom had no relevant experience, and spoke little or no English (Meyer, 1981). It would therefore seem like the introduction of new technology that caused the giant increases in output did not affect all workers in terms of deskilling, the majority of workers would probably have become more skilled due to their employment. However, labour turnover was at 370% and 71% of these workers left within their first week. These workers were probably most likely to be the unskilled immigrant workers that did not have the reliance on their wages that American workers had for their families. Therefore perhaps deskilling was less prominent than it would first seem due to the introduction of new technology and the assembly line. However, we must also consider why labour turnover was so high at Fords production plants in the early 1910s. Assembly line work is notoriously boring, partly due to the removal of creativity and craft from the workers, which much have been demoralising as these workers had initially been employed for having these qualities. Therefore, the high labour turnover experienced may have been due to workers leaving due to the deskilling that was evidently in existence, and them moving to other production industries that had not yet implemented new technologies. There are also recent examples of the introduction of new technologies into an organisation causing deskilling. In the field of law, in the past lawyers were expected to have a broad knowledge of the law, but today this is not possible due to the volume of legal material that is produced (Webb, 1996). Today, IT takes a much bigger role in a lawyers position, due to the changes in legal practice that have happened due to the technology that was not in existence 10 years ago. Due to the increase in IT, jobs that once required highly skilled employees can now be carried out by less qualified workers (Onwusah, 1997). So again we can see that deskilling has been caused due to the introduction of new technologies. It is important to consider the choice of new technology that is brought into an organisation to see whether it will lead to deskilling. As has been seen in the previous examples, the introduction of the assembly line in motor vehicle manufacturing and the introduction of IT into the practice of law and other professional industries, new technology has caused and created deskilling. However, in some circumstances deskilling would not be caused, but reskilling would occur. In order for new technology to be implemented in an organisation, employees need to have the skills in order to use the equipment. Through training, workers can learn new skills, which are more relevant in todays technological world. A clear example of reskilling can be seen in the field of design. In the past the drawing of plans was very time consuming and required great precision, if points were just 1mm wrong then the whole plan would have to be started again. Now, due to the introduction of Computer Aided Design (CAD) these workers have not only become reskilled, they can use their existing skills in addition to learning new techniques. Employees in this field still need their precision skills, for example when using graphics tablets, but will also gain skills in using the relevant software. This evidence would tend to suggest that the contention that the introduction of new technology into organisations leads to deskilling was incorrect, and that it would depend on what type of technology was introduced. If technology completely takes over a persons role in a company, or takes away the employees need to have particular skills then deskilling is likely to happen, on the other hand if the introduction of new technology can work alongside employees in order to assist and aid them in their work then reskilling is more likely to occur. The type of organisation that the new technology is to be brought into is also an important factor in deciding whether deskilling will be caused. As we have already seen, in the production of motor vehicles deskilling is caused by new technologies. This can also be seen in other secondary sector organisations, for example the textile industry. In the past everything would be sewn by hand, requiring much skill, whereas from the middle of the 19th century technology was introduced, reducing the need for skilled workers, and deskilling those already in the industry. However, if we look at tertiary sector organisations reskilling is probably more likely. In the medical profession, workers at all levels in an organisation are likely to have gained more skills due to the introduction of new technologies than becoming deskilled. At the lowest level, for example a receptionist in a GP surgery, records are now stored electronically as well as on paper, increasing the complexity of their work. Looking at a higher level, a GP still has to go through years of training to become fully qualified, and now also has to be computer literate, for example in order to produce prescriptions and use diagnostic software. In addition to this, developments in the technologies available to surgeons have meant that much more skilled operations can be carried out, which in turn has increased the skill requirements required to perform operations. On the other hand, if we look at another service occupation, the field of banking, obvious deskilling has taken place. A bank clerk was once a highly regarded profession, requiring years of training. However, today the banks have reduced their qualification requirements for recruits. This is due to the computer age, as all transactions can now be carried out electronically, removing the skills that were once required. It cannot therefore be said that the introduction of new technology will always lead to deskilling in an organisation, each individual situation would need to be looked at separately in order to decide upon this. As it has so far been difficult to quantify whether new technologies will lead to deskilling or not, it is helpful to look at and consider any research that has been carried out on this subject. Data from the Swedish Level of Living surveys that were carried out between 1968 and 1991 by a group at the Swedish Institute for Social Research is probably one of the most important tools available when looking at deskilling due to the introduction of new technology. The surveys had a sample size of around 3,000 people, who were in employment and of working age. The differences between classes of jobs is shown to be important when looking at whether deskilling takes place. This can be seen from the diagrams on the next page, produced using results from the survey. Diagrams from (Jonsson, 1998:614). As we can see from these charts, there is a mixture of deskilling and upskilling, which can be related to the social class of work. For both sets of data, the two social classes that have obviously been upskilled are W4, which is lower grade white collar workers, including typists and B2, which is unskilled manual workers, including assemblers and cleaners. This is also supported by other works, for example The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, which claims that blue collar work has been upgraded through automation and technical development (Bell, 1973). On the other hand if we take the class of W1, which is the upper service class, including engineers, employees opinions are that this field has been deskilled due to the introduction of new technology, supporting the contention. However, data is only available up to 1991, and if a survey were to be carried out today then I would expect due to the massive increase in information technology over the past 15 years that peoples opinions would have changed to that of upskilling. Bravermans thesis on deskilling suggested that due to the degradation of work from the introduction of new technology, employees became bored in their role. However, the Swedish research seems to oppose this, as can be seen from the table below: (Jonsson, 1998:613) Over the time period, for both men and women, the percentage of monotonous content in jobs has decreased, suggesting again that there has been a general upskilling of jobs, contesting Bravermans views. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that this is a general trend, and that some lower level white collar workers may experience deskilling, due to the impact that the introduction of new technologies has on their roles. Finally the idea that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation will inevitably lead to deskilling must be considered. Few things can ever be certain to happen, and from the evidence that we have seen, deskilling is probably unlikely to occur in todays ever expanding technological society. In conclusion, it would seem that the contention that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation inevitably leads to deskilling is incorrect, and each individual situation needs to be looked at in order to see if the contention can be proved, however it would appear as the world gains a greater reliance on technology, skills are not being decreased, but the type of skills required is changing.

Freedom And The Constitution Essays - Human Rights,

Freedom and the Constitution The First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects the right to freedom of religion and freedom of expression from government interference. Freedom of expression is made up of the explicit rights of freedom of speech, press, assembly and to petition the government for a redress of grievances, and the implied right of association and belief contained in the First Amendment. The Supreme Court interprets the extent of the protection afforded to these rights. The First Amendment has been interpreted by the Court as applying to the entire federal government although it is only expressly applicable to Congress. Furthermore, the Court has interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as protecting the rights in the First Amendment from interference by state governments. Two clauses in the First Amendment guarantee freedom of religion. The establishment clause prohibits the government from passing legislation to establish an official religion or preferring one re ligion over another. It enforces the "separation of church and state. Some governmental activity related to religion has been declared constitutional by the Supreme Court. For example, providing bus transportation for parochial school students and the enforcement of "blue laws" is not prohibited. The free exercise clause prohibits the government, in most instances, from interfering with a persons practice of their religion. The most basic component of freedom of expression is the right of freedom of speech. The right of freedom of speech allows an individual to express themselves without interference or constraint by the government. The Supreme Court requires the government to provide substantial justification for the interference with the right of free speech if it attempts to regulate the content of the speech. A less stringent test is applied for content-neutral legislation. The Supreme Court has also recognized that the government may prohibit some speech that may cause a breach of the peace or cause violence. The right of free speech includes other mediums of expression that communicates a message. Despite popular misunderstanding the right of freedom of the press guaranteed by the first amendment is not very different from the right of freedom of speech. It allows an individual to express themselves through publication and dissemination. It is part of the constitutional protection of freedom of expression. It does not afford members of the media any special rights or privileges not afforded to citizens in general. The right to assemble allows people to gather for peaceful and lawful purposes. Implicit within this right is the right to association and belief. The Supreme Court has expressly recognized that a right to freedom of association and belief is implicit in the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments. This implicit right is limited to the right to associate for First Amendment purposes. It does not include a right of social association. The govern ment may prohibit people from knowingly associating in groups that engage and promote illegal activities. The right to associate also, generally, prohibits the government from requiring a group to register or disclose its members or from denying government benefits based on an individuals current or past membership in a particular group. There have been exceptions to this general rule when the Court has found that the governmental interests in disclosure/registration outweigh the interference with first amendment rights. The government may also, generally, not compel individuals to express themselves, hold certain beliefs, or belong to particular associations or groups. The right to petition the government for a redress of grievances guarantees people the right to ask the government to provide relief for a wrong through the courts (litigation) or other governmental action. It works with the right of assembly to allow people to join to seek change from the government.

Memory Lab essays

Memory Lab essays The purpose of the memory lab was to determine which environments are most suitable for memory retention. The participants of this experiment were the students enrolled in our GSC 101 physical science class. Ages ranged from 18years of age to possibly 50. Of these participants we had a wide range of educational majors, ethnical background, and genders. All participants were required to submit a list of thirty common words to be used in the experiment. The testing procedures started at approximately 8:00 p.m. every Tuesday night in class. At this time the teacher would hand each student a list of thirty words face down on the desk (from the lists required of each student). Each participant was given two minutes to study the list followed by a one-minute intermission. After the intermission, each student was given as much time as needed to recall and write down the word list of that particular night. However, each participant was required to stop after they could no longer rec all the words easily. The variables in our memory experiment were repetitions, time, colors, smells, and sounds. Our first variable was repetition. In this part of the experiment each participant was given a list of thirty words with two minutes to study and a one-minute intermission. This lab was repeated four times with the same list of words; each attempt with the same constants (study time, intermission time, and word list). The purpose of this lab was to record the effects of accuracy produced by repetitions. The second variable was time. Using the same list of words from the previous week (repetition lab), the participants were required to recall the list of words without studying them to record the effects of lapse time. This same procedure was used the following week. Again, requiring the participants to recall the list without seeing it first. The effects of color was our next variable. This was achieved by printing three ...

Marketing Research Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Research Report - Coursework Example That is a serious issue and that is the reason behind loss of skilled and experienced employees as those employees quit their jobs. Here in this research I discussed about this problem thoroughly and some solutions I have given at the end. 1. Introduction and problem definition: As a manager of an IT farm I found that there are several corporate problems a organisation faces like drop in market share, profit fall, employee turnover reduction, quality assurance issues, problem form client ends, government policies and several rules and regulations etc. But here I am going to discuss the problems regarding my various employees who just came back from onsite jobs or foreign locations. The details of the problem is discussed below- In modern days it is common to give strategically important tasks to top level executives and send them to foreign countries for a certain time interval. It is widely known as expatriation. To reduce cultural shock it is very important to make those employees aware and train for the culture of new countries and locations. It definitely cost a large amount of money for the organisations to train its employees for a new country. At the moment work in abroad complete that employee comes back to its older location or may be in home country then that employee have some problem regarding this cultural trauma this is known as repatriation. (Nikolaeva, 2010, p.5) Objective of our research is how handle the repatriation practices throughout the organisations efficiently. To gain international market knowledge expatriation is the effective tool. It is also helpful for the organisation when that employee after coming back to home country apply their international knowledge in the organisation. But it is proven that repatriation process is worse than expatriation process, because when an employee having problem regarding his/her own countries culture then that employee is in real problem. That is why in corporate culture repatriation is dangerous th an expatriation. (Arman, 2009, p.1) 2. Research method and limitations To accomplish a valuable research an authentic and generous data collection method need to be followed. Relevant data are collected from market research, after processing those data, they can be used in various research purpose. Hidden knowledge behind the research is understood by the research results and it makes aware the researcher about the problem thoroughly (Kolb, 2008, p. 12). By the market research, researcher get the data form very wide range of population like clients, employees, management people, logistics agents etc (McDaniel & Gates, 1995, p. 5). From several researches methodology researcher can choose couple of them or only one of them. But researcher always needs to keep one thing in mind that his goal of research should not ever get distracted from the previously decided path. Research methodology is the most important factor of the framework as whole analysis is depending on this. Source is th e next important part of the research. Researcher chooses what research approach is also another important factor. After that selection researcher needs to calculate how much primary and secondary research is need to be done and how much importance they need to give each method. After that its only remaining thing is